Your AI Prompts Are Not Confidential

People today have developed an unhealthy relationship with their technology, to the detriment of developing interpersonal relationships. We have all seen this. Enough people are using AI companions to replace human companionship that a New York restaurant is now catering to this growing market segment. As business owners know, you go where the market is.

The New York Post reported this about a NYC restaurant recently:

If you’ve gone from dating apps to dating an app, there’s now a bar for you.

The Hell’s Kitchen establishment has been re-designed for those who have AI partners, so they can bring along their phone or tablet and set up at a table for a romantic evening, as if they were both there in the flesh.

On Wednesday night, Same Same Wine Bar was filled with patrons sitting at tables for one-ish, with their tech devices propped up on stands to make video calls to their virtual partners and headphones to hear them.

How’s that for dystopian?

Suffice it to say, there is a growing population out there who seek advice from generative artificial intelligence (“GenAI”) products such as ChatGPT, Grok and Claude rather than asking a competent human being who knows what they are talking about.

Here is where the fun begins. For months and months I have been warning my clients that they should not seek legal advice from any GenAI.

“Tuk, you’re just being territorial - how predictable! You’re old and you have no idea what’s happening now!”

Nonsense.

My warning is based on experience and the fact that it is well established that a person’s Google searches are discoverable both in civil litigation and in criminal investigations1.

When someone is arrested on suspicion of committing a crime, that suspect’s search history around the time of the incident can provide powerful circumstantial evidence. Simply stated, one should assume that there is no attorney client privilege or work product doctrine that would prevent the discoverability of your Google searches.

However, what if one is seeking legal advice from a GenAI product? Would a court look at this issue differently?

One Court Has Spoken

In a ruling published on February 17, 2026, U.S. District Judge Rakoff wrote that there is no attorney client privilege nor is there a work product doctrine that protects a criminal defendant’s GenAI prompts. The case is United States v. Heppner (U.S. Dist. S.D.N.Y. Docket 25-cr-00503). The allegations in the case are omitted, as they are not relevant to this discussion.

In this matter, the FBI arrested the defendant and seized various documents pursuant to a search warrant. Among the documents seized were thirty one documents that memorialized communications that the Defendant had to the GenAI platform Claude, which is Anthropic’s GenAI. According to the Court, the GenAI communications occurred after the Defendant was served with a grand jury subpoena and was aware that he was the subject of a criminal investigation.

The court noted “[w]ithout any suggestion from counsel that he do so, [the Defendant] ‘prepared reports that outlined defense strategy, that outlined what he might argue with respect to the facts and the law that he anticipated the government might be charging’.” Opinion at 3.

Unsurprisingly, the Defendant moved to protect the contents of the thirty one documents from being used by the prosecution on the basis that those documents were protected by the attorney-client privilege or the attorney work product doctrine. The court ruled that “in the absence of an attorney-client relationship, the discussion of legal issues between two non-attorneys is not protected by attorney-client privilege.” Opinion at 5.

A word to the wise: do not use GenAI for anything you want to keep secret.

Noncompete Agreements: the 2026 Update

Much has been written in the legal and business press in the last year on the issue of employment agreements and certain types of restrictions that some employees are subject to in those agreements. Generally speaking, these contractual provisions are known as “restrictive covenants.” The restrictive covenant is a broad category that includes several related, but distinct, restrictions which prevent: 1) competition against the employer; 2) the solicitation of the employer’s clients; and 3) the solicitation of the employer’s customers.

You may also wonder how employment agreements can protect trade secrets, but that is a subject unto itself which will be covered separately. In this post, we will focus on non-competition covenants, known informally as “noncompetes”.

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Bryan Tuk Elected to the Board of Directors of Music with a Mission

Wilmington, DE – [July 18, 2025] – Music with a Mission (MWAM), a Delaware-based 501(c)(3) nonprofit dedicated to celebrating community through music, is thrilled to announce the election of J. Bryan Tuk, Esquire to its Board of Directors. With a mission to harness the power of music to support communities in need, MWAM welcomes Mr. Tuk’s extensive legal expertise and deep commitment to the arts. His appointment strengthens the organization’s leadership as it continues to fund creative composition and public performances by acclaimed composer Wilson Gault Somers, fostering community engagement through impactful musical initiatives. Learn more about Music with a Mission at http://musicwithamission.org.

Mr. Tuk, founder of Tuk Law Offices (http://tuklaw.com/about), brings over 25 years of legal experience, specializing in business and banking law, nonprofit organizations, and arts and entertainment law. A voting member of The Recording Academy, known for the GRAMMY Awards, Mr. Tuk has advised a diverse range of clients, including recording artists, record labels, and music industry entrepreneurs. His unique perspective as both a legal professional and a professional musician and educator of over 30 years will be invaluable to MWAM’s mission of using music to benefit local and national communities. Mr. Tuk’s prior board roles with organizations such as the Allentown Symphony, Pittsburgh Youth Chorus, and ArtsQuest further underscore his dedication to advancing the arts and nonprofit sectors.

“We are elated to have Bryan join our Board of Directors,” said Julian H. Booker, Interim Board President of Music with a Mission. “His legal acumen, passion for music, and proven leadership in the nonprofit and arts communities align perfectly with our vision of creating meaningful impact through music. We look forward to his contributions as we continue to grow and serve communities in need.” Mr. Tuk’s election to the board marks a significant step forward for MWAM as it expands its reach and influence, ensuring music remains a transformative force for good.

About Music with a Mission

Music with a Mission is a Delaware-based 501(c)(3) nonprofit committed to using music to benefit communities in need. Through partnerships with acclaimed composer Wilson Gault Somers, MWAM funds creative compositions and public performances that inspire and uplift. The organization relies on diverse revenue streams, including fundraising efforts and performance fees, to support its mission. For more details, visit http://musicwithamission.org.

About Tuk Law Offices

Tuk Law Offices provides legal services to entrepreneurs, startups, nonprofit organizations, and clients in the arts and entertainment industry. Led by J. Bryan Tuk, Esquire, the firm specializes in business and banking law, copyright law, and nonprofit governance, delivering cost-efficient and client-focused solutions. Learn more at http://tuklaw.com/about.